The Ilonggos Essay Sample free essay sample

The Ilonggo’s prehistoric culture is based chiefly on the Maragtas. a papers that tells of the reaching in Panay of Malay datus and their households from Borneo in 1250. As the narrative goes. the Bornean Malays came into contact with the Atis or Negritos. the dwellers of the island at that clip. They so negotiated with the latter for the â€Å"pagtaba† or purchase of the coastal countries where they intended to settle down. After the understanding. the fledglings established colonies along riversides and seashores while the Atis retreated into the island’s insides. Some bookmans nevertheless. see the Maragtas as mere common people history because it has about six versions and is interlaced with events and narratives rather antic to be true ( Ponteras 1978 ) . More disclosure is that archeological groundss found in some topographic points in Iloilo Province demoing the material ownerships of Iloilo’s ancient dwellers indicate that they were every bit old a s the hills and vales in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ilonggos Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Considerable cultural stuffs of proto-historic vintage. peculiarly Chinese porcelain wares. recovered from different archeological sites. besides reveal the Ilonggos’ extended trade with the Chinese and other Asians before the supposed approach of the 10 Borneo datus. The Ilonggos trade dealingss with the Chinese and other Asiatics started from the tenth century and flourished up to the sixteenth century upon the reaching of the Spanish colonisers in the state. Excavated trade ware further indicates that some of the early Ilonggos Ate from porcelain home bases. non coconut shells as claimed by some bookmans ; that they lived in lasting colonies and were engaged in the production of harvests and trades ; that they had a system of composing. and that they were no longer afraid of aliens. So. it is non truly possible that they were the crude Atis that the Bornean Malays came in contact with. in the mid-13th century. Some early Spanish authors like Francisco Colin. Miguel de Loarca and Antonio de Morga attested to the fact that the Ilonggos already enjoyed certain grade of civilisation at the clip of the Spanish contact. Harmonizing to the Spaniards. the Ilonggos built boats of â€Å"very different forms and names† which they used for fishing a nd transporting their wares. They besides manufactured fishing cogwheels and traps made of bamboo ; wove fabrics from Manila hemp. cotton and Chinese silk ; carved artistic objects and images of their dead ascendants and made really attractive bodily decorations. They were adept silverworkers and coppersmiths. hammering soft stuffs into jewellery and decorations for their tools and arms. They had moreover. their ain alphabet. music and musical instruments. vocals and dances. and fables and narratives. As to who the people were. what is known is that they were ab initio called by the Spaniards as Pintados because of their organic structure tattoos. both work forces and adult females. which at a distance looked like organic structure picture. Nevertheless. non long after. the Spaniards recognized at least two typical groups—the Ati and what most bookmans ( Beyer et al ) designated as Malay. who may hold come from Borneo ( Coutts and Fullagar neodymium ) . At the clip of their reaching in the mid-16th centur y. the Spaniards had already noted a figure of well-populated communities in several topographic points in Iloilo that had booming intra- and inter-island trade. Culture The indispensable constituents of Ilonggo civilization are linguistic communication. unwritten literature ( heroic poems. myths. fables. Proverbs. etc. ) . vocals and dances. handcrafts. old churches and houses. and celebrated daintinesss. The Ilonggo linguistic communication is fundamentally Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a. the latter with its legion fluctuations in the interior subdivisions of the state. Ilonggo literature consists of hurubaton. paktakon. sugidanon ( heroic poems ) . lowa. and others. many of which have survived up to the present clip. Of class. the most known literature related to Ilonggos is the Maragtas. a folk history on the coming of the 10 Bornean datus and their households to Panay. Ilonggo vocals are chiefly composos or laies about love and escapade. cradlesong tunes ( Ili-ili is the best illustration ) . and other common people vocals. normally accompanied by either percussion. air current or twine instruments. Traditional dances that have been recorded by the Spaniards are the harito. balitaw. liay. lalong kalong. imbong. inay-inay. and binanog. Some of these dances are still being performed today. Ilonggo civilization is besides manifested in the people’s preference for colourful and epicurean jubilations. The Ilonggo ever finds an juncture to demo his stuff richness and his celebrated trade name of cordial reception. This explains why other than the spiritual banquets like the patronal fete. Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan. the Ilonggos have besides indulged themselves in many festivals. aside from the universe celebrated Dinagyang in Iloilo City and Maskara in Bacolod City. Traditions Mention must be made of Ilonggo zarzuela. the most popular signifier of common amusement in Western Visayas in the first half of the twentieth century. The zarzuela is a traditional musical phase drama picturing the mundane life and aspirations of the Ilonggos that made celebrated a figure of local authors. It besides catapulted into prominence the Iloilo-Bacolod Troupe ( ILOBAC ) that performed before capacity audiences in the metropoliss and municipalities of Iloilo and Negros Occidental. With respect to handcrafts. the 1 that is considered the â€Å"queen† . both in the past and in the present. is weaving. For a piece. during the late eighteenth century and early 19th centuries. Iloilo was referred to as the â€Å"Textile Capital of the Philippines† . Its woven merchandises made of pina fibres. cotton. silk and Manila hemp were exported abroad. every bit good as to Manila and other parts of Luzon and the Visayas. Iloilo is besides known formulated its pottery-making. bolo-making and bamboo trades. During the Spanish period. it was well-known as the centre of boat-building in the Visayas. particularly the town of Oton and the island of Guimaras. In fact. harmonizing to Spanish record. there were galleons used by the Spaniards built in these topographic points. Traits The Ilonggos since clip yesteryear have been noted for being â€Å"matinlo. † In fact. their personal cleanliness and of the remainder of the Filipino people for that affair ever attracted the attending of the Spaniards who came early to the Philippines. They noted that the small towns were largely situated along river Bankss or in oral cavities of rivers sloping out into the sea. The fledglings thought that the chief ground for this was the natives’ fancy for bathing which. or class. is partially right. The river and the sea were beginnings of protein nutrient through its teeming marine life. Transporting goods and people from the interior small towns to the seashores and vice-versa was easier by â€Å"bangka† ( wooden boat ) or by â€Å"balsa† ( bamboo raft ) down and up the river. Among the traits of the Ilonggo that the Spaniards had high respects was their being â€Å"mapisan† or hardworking. Casimiro Diaz. for illustration. in a elaborate hist ory on ecclesiastical and Augustinian personal businesss. 1630-1640. described the people of Panay as â€Å"naturally docile than any other of the cero. really hardworking in their rice farms† ( Diaz 1890 ) . A Gallic traveller. Jean Mallat. besides praised the dwellers as â€Å"the most industrious† ( Mallat 1846 ) . It is exactly because of the industry of the dwellers of Panay that the island. harmonizing to Miguel de Loarca. Antonio de Morga and Juan Medina. was abundant in rice ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 and De Morga 1962 ) . This was the ground why Panay. peculiarly Iloilo. became of involvement to the Spanish conquistadores from the really start of their colonisation of the archipelago. Aside from rice. Iloilo. harmonizing to De Loarca. besides â€Å"abounded in swine. poultry. wax and honey† ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 ) and. as ascertained by De Morga. was â€Å"abundant in wine-producing palm-trees and all sorts of nutrient supplies† ( De Morga 1962 ) . Furthermore. there is strong grounds that Iloilo was bring forthing a great measure of cotton and other fabric cloths ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 ) . The Ilonggos were besides noted by the Spa nish colonisers as â€Å"maisog† or fearless and brave. Life prior to the coming of the Spaniards had sufficient warfare and provided chances for work forces to turn out their bravery and daring and win for themselves awards and the tattoos which caused the Spaniards to name them Pintados. The chieftains’ ability to secure Fe or esteemed goods from foreign bargainers depended on control of the work force to work resources. Wars were hence fought to command people and resources. non territory. Raids upon other communities were intended to prehend slaves outright. to originate or implement confederations for trading webs. to take loot that included immature adult females. and to penalize those who had done incorrectly on the aggrieved party. Wars were fought non by standing ground forcess or naval forcess but by loyal warriors owing personal commitment to leaders who were besides physically present and active in these bloody brushs ( Scott 1995 ) . It must be understood that heroism in conflict was a basic necessity to going a â€Å"datu. † Ilonggos. besides have a greatest repute of being fond. friendly. and happy. Food Ilonggo civilization is reflected in the broad scope of its culinary delectations. as in the instance of Batchoy. pancit molo. baye-baye. biscocho. inday-inday. binakol. bandi. piyaya. and pinasugbo. Batchoy seemingly has become a national passion. a instance of Ilonggo cultural colonisation. This delicious mixture. normally advertised as â€Å"Original La Paz Batchoy† . can now be found anyplace in the Philippines – in the far north as the Ilocos part and in the far south as Tawi-tawi. It is observed. nevertheless. that the batchoy gustatory sensation in Iloilo could neer be duplicated elsewhere – it can merely be approximated. Batchoy prepared by non-Ilonggos in other topographic points taste more like mami instead than the existent thing. Apparels THE BAGOBOS Historyâ€Å"Bagobo† comes from â€Å"bago† intending â€Å"new. recent† and â€Å"obo/obbo/uvu† significance â€Å"growth. grow. † so that the term refers to a recent formation of people along the seashore of the Davao Gulf. When the Hinduized people from the south brought in Hindu civilization during the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit incursion of Mindanao. these migrators mixed with the native population. organizing a new society reflected in the name â€Å"Bagobo. † The term may slackly use to the coastal people of Davao Gulf. particularly those native groups on the western shores of southeasterly Davao. These groups include several ethnicities. such as the Tagabawa. Jangan or Attaw. and Tagacaolo. Spanish missionaries and early ethnographers tended to place them all as one group because they had common articles of material civilization. such as frock and decorations. tools. blades. and musical instruments. Immigrants from other topographic points besides tended to include the Manuvu among the Bagobo groups. The attribution is erroneous. for the Manuvu live in the highland countries northwest. North. and nor-east of Mt. Apo in interior Mindanao. Furthermore. all the above named cultural groups speak reciprocally unintelligible linguistic communications. The Bagobo are light brown in skin color. Their hair is brown or chocolate-brown black. runing from wavy to curly. The work forces stand about 158 centimeter tall. the adult females 147 centimeter. Although the face is broad. the zygomatic bones are non outstanding. The eyes are dark and widely set. the oculus slits slanting. The superciliums are intentionally shaved to a thin line by both male and female. The root of the olfactory organ is low. the ridge wide. The lips are full. the mentum rounded. Population estimation of the Bagobo in 1988 was 80. 000 Culture The Bagobos are celebrated for their flowery traditions in arms and other metal humanistic disciplines and noted for their accomplishment in bring forthing brass articles through the ancient lost-wax procedure. Their accomplishment in weaving one of the best abaca fabrics of Earth tones is besides among the great things that impress both locals and tourers likewise. Up to the present. the Bagobo are considered the prevailing inhabitants of the west seashore of Davao Gulf to the mountain ranges of Mt. Apo where they have engraved their colourful imposts and traditions. Mt. Apo. or Apo Sandawa. besides serves as their sacred worship evidences. Bing animist. the Bagobos believe in hereditary liquors who could allow their desire through offering of forfeits. Prayers are offered in rare rites accompanied by intoning and dancing. Bagobos have a strong societal construction that has enabled them to intermix good with others while retaining their autochthonal imposts. beliefs and values. This cultural individuality is imparted in Kadayawan Festival held every August in Davao City. The event has become a locale where 100s of them conveying out and flash their dances and vocals and rites that has been fierily and proudly passed from coevals to coevals. Today. some Bagobos have gone a long manner from their crude patterns and have attained a significant grade of autonomy. But while some have embraced modern life and abandoned their tribal roots. there is still a great figure that have remained strongly engrossed in the music of kulintangs and tam-tams. in the solemn chants and crop rites. attired in colourful frocks. in the stomping of pess on the land while dancing. and in everything that makes up the Bagobo civilization. Traditions Bagobo have flowery traditions in arms and other metal humanistic disciplines. They are noted for their accomplishment in bring forthing brass articles through the ancient lost-wax procedure. They besides weave abacca fabrics of Earth tones and do baskets that are trimmed with beads. fibres and horse’s hair. Sibulan was the centre of all the Bagobo folk when the Spaniards attempt to suppress the island of Mindanao at the terminal of the 19th century. The Spaniards gave this part its name ; the Land of Sibuls or land of legion springs. Long clip ago a group of Spanish soldiers met a group Bagobo adult females transporting bamboo tubings. tools they used to bring H2O from the many springs in the country. None of the adult females understood the soldiers when they were asked what the name of the topographic point was. The adult females thought the Spaniards were inquiring them for the beginning of the H2O. so they replied. Sibuls. intending spring. The Bagobo are by origin a mobi le folk. they travelled from one topographic point to the other by choping their manner through the virgin woods. The part was abundant with cogonal land with tall trees and had a broad country of runing evidences. The bow and pointer were used both in runing wild Sus scrofa. cervid or monkeys and fishing in crystal pure Waterss spurting from the inclines of Mount Apo. Apo means gramps of all mountains and is the highest mountain extremum in the Philippines. The land was besides cultivated with assorted harvests. but left behind after harvest clip in hunt of a better topographic point to cultivate. The dwellers in the early colonies feared the Anitos. liquors. which include asleep ascendants and nature-spirits or diwatas. who could allow their desire through offering of forfeits. Their faith is an array of countless gimokods ( liquors ) who have to be shown regard. The Bagobo besides believe in a supreme being who inhabits the sky universe. every bit good as a divinity. a supernatural immortal being who will convey illness and decease to incestuous twosomes. The chief Spirit is the great Godhead named Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama. The cognition of liquors and ancient fables resides in old tribal adult females. better known as mabalian. frequently they tell narrative of Tuwaang. a brave and strong warrior with different powers. One fable recalls the battle between Tuwaang and a giant from the land of Pinanggayungan. A maiden of the Buhong Sky who was flying from the giant of Pangumanon came across Tuwaang who was siting the sky on illuming. Tuwaang and the elephantine fought for the maiden. the giant used his charming powers and threw a bally saloon at Tuwaang. He was able to get away this ordeal by utilizing his ain charming ability and name the air current to fan the fire and allow the elephantine be engulfed by his ain fires. The mabalian are besides the ritual practicians which include mending. they are besides skilled as weavers. The adult females weave abaca fabrics with earthly tones. to a great extent embroidering it with beads and stitch work. They are known for their inlaid metal betel boxes. finished with bells and baskets that are trimmed with motley beads. fibres and Equus caballuss hair. The neer stoping jingling of the many bantam brass bells woven into the vesture became a Bagobo symbol. It is non rare that the to a great extent ornamented Bagobo are considered the most colorful people of the Philippines. The Bagobo believe in a supreme being who inhabits the sky universe. every bit good as a divinity who brings illness and decease to incestuous twosomes. The Bagobo are besides known for their long heroic poem verse forms. â€Å"tuwaang† . TraitsThe Bagobos are known to be steadfast trusters of their supreme existences and are besides known to be hardworking and proud of their heritage. FoodsA common nutrient served is known as â€Å"lyurot† or â€Å"lotlot. † . a native nutrient cooked in bamboo. They normally cook their nutrients in bamboo. They are besides knowne for their tasty poulet tenderized in its ain juices and steamed inside a bamboo. Apparels

How did Thomas Hardy use description to portray Tess emotions Essay Example

How did Thomas Hardy use description to portray Tess emotions Essay Example How did Thomas Hardy use description to portray Tess emotions Paper How did Thomas Hardy use description to portray Tess emotions Paper Essay Topic: Literature Thomas Hardy has been a very successful writer. He was penalised for writing novels in which were not proper at the time he wrote it. Tess of the DUrbervilles was said to be pessimistic and immoral by critics of the 19th century. This meant Tess of the Durbervilles was one of Hardys last ever novels. The public at this time were clearly not ready for Hardys abrupt style of writing. It was only later given the attention it deserved. Thomas Hardy wrote many other books such as Mayor of Casterbridge and Far from the Madding Crow. When criticised he turned towards poetry, and succeeded doing that as well as novels. He was born in 1940 in Upper Bockhampton, in Dorset. He was a lover of music and had a good education thanks to his parents, and quit doing architecture to keep writing thanks to his wife, Emma Gifford. Hardy was a very opinionated man, and in his twenties lost his religious faith. This was not uncommon as Charles Darwins origin of species speech caused many people to turn their backs on the bibles teachings, and turn towards science, the more believable view. His own thoughts of the suffering in the world meant Hardy could no longer believe there was a loving God. Local ways were strongly kept in Dorset, but in 1847 the introduction to the railway mean town and country gradually started to merge together. People would seasonally leave for jobs, and leave doing farm work altogether, to replace with city work. Hardy preferred to feel a sense of belonging to one place. Hardy eventually left the country, but wrote a lot about it and its inhabitants in a serious way. He did not support the industrial revolution, he put the threshing machine in a bad light when Tess is at Flintcomb-ash. Women were not supposed to lead life as Tess did in that time. Tess was forced to work, and her journey through rape, motherhood, working, travelling, marriage, break up, friendship and even murder, created a complicated, yet expressive plot. It seems people were not ready to handle a storyline like this in the 19th century. All of Thomas Hardys modern views were put into the book, yet they were not accepted by others. People did not see Tess as a pure woman, as Hardy did. It caused much controversy, as it questioned views on society, sexual morality and religion. Tess of the DUrbervilles is about a normal country girl who ends up leading an extraordinary life. She leaves home with a relative named Alec DUrberville. She returns home after he rapes her, to have his baby that later dies. She is later requested to go to a dairy farm, in which she falls in love with the charming Angel Clare. They get married, but when he discovers Tess past, he leaves her. He goes to Brazil and after a year of not replying to Tess letters, she turns back to Alec DUrberville. Her stressful working days are over, as he supports their family. However Angel returns, to find her with Alec, and she tells Angel to leave. But her growing hate of DUrberville means she kills him, and runs to the arms of Angel, yet after a few days on the run, blissfully with Clare, she is caught. Justice was done and she is hanged. An important part of the book was for the reader to feel the emotions Tess felt, so as to think how Tess felt, and how Hardy felt about society. Tess of the DUrbervilles was written to show the emotional rollercoaster women like Tess could possibly face. Hardys use of description enhances the readers understanding of Tess emotional state in the novel in many ways. Page 109 uses the personification that the sun is God-like. He looked down upon youth like it was interesting for him. The sadness of Tess at this time correlates to how hazy the sun is. Even though it seems Tess does not love her baby, she truly does. The sun fades and goes in, as if turning against Tess. The sun represents a God, and this personification represents the views Thomas Hardy had about God, and how he turned against God when he saw the suffering in the world, and the unpredictable misfortunes Tess constantly faces, portrays this suffering. It shows God is not with people all the time, as the sun is not either. It seems the sun that is so bright in spring and summer giving life to new things can turn dull, with the ability to take away life. His description of the weather depicts Tess emotions well, and he tries to make a point of how anyone can get hurt by an unloving God. Hardy describes Tess on page 111 as a girl, not Tess by name, as if he does not know her. It shows how people might think Tess had been changed by her experiences, but carried on as every other woman did. His description of Tess shows how alone and isolated Tess feels, living as a stranger and an alien here. Society at the time viewed Tess badly, and would not accept Tess as a pure woman, as the books subtitle suggests she is. People she knew looked down upon her for this, whereas is modern day she would have more attention and love for being a victim of Alec Durberville. The end of the chapter is dark and depressing; it is at the end of the day, as well as the babys life. Hardy makes clear how he feels about vicars and religion. A little baby that had died of illness is cast aside from the church, and is not permitted to have the respect of a proper Christian burial. This is all because of how it came about, and it is buried along with notorious drunkards, suicides and others of the conjecturally damned. Tess of the Durbervilles tells a story of how harsh and unfair the world, society, and especially the church can be. The vicar hears Tess circumstances, yet still refuses to let the baby have a proper burial. The little jar of flowers signifies how Tess cares for the baby, and is the only small piece of spring left in the harshness of winter, as if Tess love for the baby is the only piece of happiness left. By chapter 16 spring has come and with it Tess hope and happiness; Some spirit with her rose automatically as the sap in the twigs- clearly stating how as spring comes, Tess mood began to improve. She leaves home three years after her baby dies- silent reconstructive years. Page 133 describes amazing beauty of the countryside around her, and the air and new sights, along with Tess being able to enjoy the scene without anyone watching her, that sent her spirits up wonderfully. Once again the weather improves as she does, but this time the weather itself improves her mood, rather than the weather only representing how she feels. Tess sees as dark patch, which turns out to be the tomb of her ancestors. This gives some inclination of her destiny, and a warning that she should not go that way. It was the information about her ancestors that led her to Alec DUrberville in the first place, and the downward spiral to her tragic fate at the end of the book. This premonition may not be seen whilst reading the book unless looked at carefully. Hardy has incorporated key clues to what will happen to Tess. She accidentally came across it, representing how she came to die at an unexpected time, as she was so young. The countryside scene along with the Talbothays Dairy encourages the reader to think Tess was to have a good future. Describing trivial things, such as the cows, shows how happy she is, as at Talbothays there are no longer any problems left to describe. Hardy also uses lots of complimentary adjectives, such as glossy smoothness, homely figures, succulent, and dazzling brilliancy, to describe the countryside, and how at home she feels there immediately. The place is made out to be beautiful, as Tess contentment soars at this time. This is almost wholly because of Angel Clare, whom she falls in love with. This is one of the happiest moments in the book. A lot of chapter 17 is based around Angel Clare and Tess talking, and flirting, which seems to be a bit of a relief from the heavy plot for the reader so far. Phase the fifth-the woman pays, is a very dramatic section. Tess life goes from its happiest, to its worst. Hardy again uses personification, by using the objects around Tess to represent how isolated and uncared for Tess feels. He either says how they are engrossed in their own problems, or simply dont care. All material objects around announced their irresponsibility with terrible iteration. If Tess feels not even objects care, how will she feel about people? This is the chapter where Angel Clare tells her she is not the woman he thought she was, and that he cannot forgive her. He merely says to Tess that she is another woman in your shape. When Tess realises Angel will never view her as he once did, Hardy describes the change in Tess beautiful face. Her face turns white, her cheeks flaccid, her mouth dry, and like a small round hole, her eyes making Angels flesh creep. Not only does the weather react with how beautiful Tess is, but her looks too. It appears Tess is in disbelief, as she staggers, implying she cannot handle the terrible news she is hearing. She then bursts into self-sympathetic tears. In the 19th century Angels decision and thoughts would be understandable. Women were supposed to be innocent and pure when they got married, men did not have the same restrictions as women, and this seems unfair nowadays. But Hardy is trying to make the point that she is still pure, she did not choose what happened to her, she labels herself as a victim. On her way there to Flintcomb-Ash, Tess feels lonely without Clare, and depressed, back to how she felt when she got raped and her baby died. She ends up spending a night sleeping outside. But while she is there she hears a noise, and realises that there are wounded pheasants around her. Some of the lucky ones are dead, whilst others lay in pain. Tess does the nicest thing possible and puts them out of their misery. Tess says to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o misery such as yours! She feels bad for ever feeling so sorry for herself, and using comparisons to the awful tortures these animals faced, Hardy describes how Tess finds the reason to go on and stay strong. She does not have much left emotionally, but she is still healthy. She is ashamed of herself. She realises it is only human society that has condemned her to the awful punishment she has received from Angel, and people around her, not nature itself, which has not hurt her yet, as it has done to the poor darling pheasants. Flintcomb-Ash is completely different to Talbothays farm; it is the worst moment of Tess life. She has a horrible boss, only one friend, a huge amount of work that will never be finished, and the safety net that she once had when at the Dairy has gone, as Angel has gone. She can only produce a flattened purse- she runs out of money. Yet pride stops her from asking Angels parents for it. She stays working at the awful farm, in which keeps her labouring all day, as she needs money and time away from her family, and people she knows, as it is clear she feels humiliated by what has happened. Patience keeps her going, the hope that she will see Angel soon. Her and Marian talk of better times, to forget how unpleasant Flintcomb-Ash is. Green, sunny, romantic Talbothays is how the dairy is described, whilst Flintcomb-Ash is a starve-acre place. The descriptions of the warm Talbothays reflects how happy she was there, compared to the weather at Flintcomb-Ash, which is dreary, depressing and cold, like Tess feelings at this time. The start of chapter 43 describes Tess and Marians tedious work, and the way Hardy describes how bad it is, makes the readers realise just how much Tess feels the need to keep her pride. She does not like to be dependant on others, or a burden, and it proves that her spirit has not yet been broken by all that has happened to her. Hardy compares the two girls to flies on a brown face, which shows how insignificant they look. It also shows the dirtiness of the farm, how it was brown and filthy. He compares them using flies earlier on in the book as well, to show the differences between the two farms. In the earlier chapter he compares how flies have an impact on a billiard table, to show how green the vast fields at Talbothays were. Hardy picks the character with the least depth, to be at Flintcomb-Ash with Tess. This creates an even heavier look of depression on Tess. Men and women had to face harsh conditions when working on the threshing machine; it seems from Hardys description. He is trying to portray his dislike of mechanisation. The machine at Flintcomb-Ash is like a monster that must be fed and maintained. The workers have lost their identity and their ability to communicate when working on it. This farm seems to be using machines that are old, unlike the modern tools at the dairy; Flintcomb-Ash is miserable, dead and old. The workers are made to stand out in the cold, doing the same repetitive sequence over and over again. This was boring, and bad for the health of the workers. This does not help Tess already unstable emotions. She is grateful for her health when she sees the pheasants dying, without that, along with sheer determination, she has nothing. Alec DUrberville returns in this scene, which inflicts even more stress and anxiety upon Tess, along with the stress caused from the expectations of her insulting, uncaring boss, Farmer Groby. Eventually Tess gives up on Angel. You can see this start to happen as Tess says to Alec once a victim always a victim. It is a sad view on life, but Tess has come to think this, and worst of all accept it. She seems to hate herself for it and turns to self-pity. When her family falls apart, she helps them by succumbing to Alecs offers. Angel enters Sandbourne looking for Tess, and the first thing described is the artificiality of the town. This again goes alongside how Tess feels, how fake Tess and Alecs relationship is. Their love is not based on love but of obsession, and security. Angel wonders where Tess, the cottage girl, could be amongst all this wealth and fashion. She is not where she is happy and comfortable. She is also not happy and comfortable with Alec. Sandbourne has a fashionable watering place, piers, detached mansions, promenades, gazebos and fanciful residences. Angel sees it as a fairy place suddenly created by a stroke of a wand. This implies that this place is all pointless, like a figment of someones imagination. It does not matter compared to real things, such as the love Angel has for Clare, Alec just replaced it with material objects. When Tess sees Angel she is wearing an expensive cashmere dressing gown, with matching embroidered slippers and a frill gown, and has clearly been changed by Durberville. Alec wants her to look good rather than feel good. This then makes Angel feel inferior to her. This shows how in a place like Sandbourne, relationships start to be based on looks, not real love. Angel later thinks that she is not the same girl he fell in love with, that her spirit had drifted away from her body, in a direction dissociated from its living will. Through all the harsh times Tess has been through, once she gave up, her spirit that Angel loved so much was no longer with her-she had been engulfed by the artificiality that was Alec DUrberville. In the end it seems her spirit returns back to her. She kills Alec to be with Angel. And that evening the night is solemn and still. This shows how Tess is calm, and content, yet sad and reminiscent now back in the arms of Angel Clare. I think this is probably the happiest moment of Tess life, not at the dairy. She was a nai ve girl then, but after all she has been through, she is even more appreciative of having Angel there. When she is caught for the murder she seems ready to die, because all that time she had been working, depressed and lonely, and killing Alec was worth it, for those few days with Angel. In conclusion Hardy used description in an original and imaginative way. He uses many different methods to help the audience understand the emotions Tess feels. He wrote the book to get people to feel attracted to Tess as a character, and then used her to help people see his opinion of society, women, sexual morality and religion. He used a lot of the surroundings around Tess to portray how she felt and what she was going through. The artificiality of Sandbourne demonstrates the artificiality of Alec and Tess relationship, whilst when she is happy there is good weather, and when she is depressed the weather turns bad. He uses personification to illustrate what she thinks everyone thinks of her, and what they really do think of her, and uses it to show Tess slight paranoia that even objects have bad opinions of her. He says a lot about how she feels towards the different characters, and her thoughts are often reflected in her actions, he tells us of how her strong-willed personality helps keep her emotions under control, and how her beauty is reflected in how she feels, and affects how other people feel about her. I think this is a moving novel with a well thought out plot, yet with a very original use of description, and has created a lot of new opinions to be formed about the world, whether or not it was accepted when it was first written in the 19th century. Thomas Hardys Tess of the Durbervilles will remain an incredibly expressive, remembered classic for a long time.

Early Childhood Ed 415 Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

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Medieval Warcraft part 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Compare and contrast the powers of the US and Iranian presidents - Essay Example mon variation between the two countries as one is a strictly federal country with different levels of governance while one has an executive president and a supreme religious leader (Deveaux, 2014). In Iran, the president holds the second most important position after the supreme religious leader otherwise known as Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. The president has an important public role and image but the country’s constitution that was established after the establishment of the Islamic republic in 1979. The supreme leader controls a significant proportion of the executive branch, possessing powers to make various appointments and decisions affecting the country. The president of Iran is tasked with the role of developing economic policies for the country through the support of the legislature (Kriner & Reeves, 2014). The supreme leader of the country has supreme powers over all issues on the domestic security and foreign affairs policies. Such a situation has negatively affected the global image of the country’s president as he is unable to make decisions while on international trips without the intervention of the supreme leader (Jones, 2011). The nature of distribution of powers in the country has created a limited constitution kind of government in which the powers of the national government are limited only to specific areas that are of national interest. The discretional power of different state organs, institution and public office holders are limited and enforced based solely on the provisions of the law. The impact of the limited government concept on the current governments has remained a major controversy in different public debate environments but its benefits have been attributed to the continued protection (Deveaux, 2014). The president is in charge of domestic and international security and foreign relations policies and develops programs to improve the global position of country. While the parliament of Iran has little influence on foreign and

Cellular Molecular Mechanisms Of Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome Biology Essay

Cellular Molecular Mechanisms Of Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome Biology Essay Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS or progeria) is a very rare autosomal dominant disorder which results in premature aging and eventually death. Patients are often very underweight at birth and will display conclusive symptoms of premature aging within 18-24 months, such as reduced body fat, hair loss and aged skin, alongside tissue and organ degeneration. Average lifespan for sufferers of HGPS is thirteen years and cause of death is invariably due to heart failure. Due to the nature of these symptoms, HGPS is referred to as an accelerated aging disorder. Currently, only 100 cases of HGPS have been formally documented, around 50 of which are children who are alive today; however it is estimated that a further 150 children worldwide currently suffer from HGPS, but have not yet been formally diagnosed. The identification of the HGPS mutation has only recently been identified and located on codon 608 of the LMNA gene, which codes for four types of lamin proteins: lamin A, lamin C, lamin Aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  10 and lamin Cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  2. These, along with the B-type lamin are responsible for keeping the structure of the nucleus together by forming a scaffold which lines and interacts with the nuclear membrane. The LMNA mutation leads to the expression of progerin, rather than lamin A, altering the structure of the nuclear membrane and leading to loss of nuclear integrity, DNA damage and a compromised DNA double-strand-break repair mechanism. This causes a variety of problems relating to normal cellular function as well as resulting in increased apoptosis and significantly decreased proliferation rates. Until recently, medical assistance for children with HGPS only involved treating the symptoms which accompany the disease, rather than the effects of the HGPS mutation; however in August 2009, clinical trials began testing the effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) on HGPS patients. This was following experimental evidence from Toth et al (2005) who showed that human fibroblast cells expressing progerin had reversed nuclear alterations when treated with farnesyltransferase inhibitors in vitro. Introduction Aging is a normal and natural physiological process which all living things must experience, unless death should occur prematurely. Aging impairs verve and mobility, causes hair loss, weakens bones and inevitably will ultimately lead to death. As humans, the price that must be paid for our unique self-awareness is the knowledge that we will eventually age and die, forcing us to come to terms with our own mortality and compelling us to value youth. Patients suffering from HGPS are not given the opportunity to experience their youth in the same way as most. By 18-24 months their bodies are already showing signs of physiological aging and by 5 years old they will show more signs of age-related disease than many adults in their 70s. In young, healthy humans, cells are able to cope with the assault of DNA damage which all livings organisms will unavoidably encounter over time. Over time, the ability to deal with this damage lessens and the physiological process of aging will gradually occ ur. HGPS cells are not capable of dealing with this DNA damage to the same extent and so aging happens quickly and prematurely. Despite this, intelligence and cognitive function in children with HGPS are often above average compared to other children within their age bracket (Progeria Research Foundation, 2006). To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of HGPS, it is first important to understand the process of normal aging in healthy humans. Normal Physiological aging Aging on an evolutionary level may be described as a progressive decline in fitness (the ability to survive and reproduce) due to a decline in tissue functionality with increasing age (Partridge Gems, 2002). On a cellular level it may be described as a progressive functional decline and increase in cell mortality (Lombard et al., 2005). Although many theories have been proposed, no conclusive theory has been agreed upon to explain how or why we age. Aging is thought to be caused by various genetic and environmental factors. At the cellular level this progressive malfunction of tissue is thought to be due to accumulation of damage by various biomolecules which leads to cell loss or damage (Vijg, 2000). Usually the body has the ability to regenerate these damaged or lost cells through pools of stem cells, however the body does not have the ability to regenerate infinitely and over time this causes a decline in tissue functions typical of aging. This is consistent with the disposable soma theory of aging (Kirkwood Holliday, 1979), which states that cell repair and maintenance (including DNA repair, defence against oxidants, etc) are costly activities. To work to extend life indefinitely would make little sense, as in the wild many organisms have an extremely high mortality rate. Therefore, animals have evolved in such a way that energy invested in maintaining the soma is limited, so that the animal is kept alive long enough for it to reproduce, but not to keep it alive indefinitely. Past this point, the bodys regeneration mechanisms fail and physiological aging becomes apparent. From an evolutionary point of view, this theory makes more sense than others which are based around aging being a genetically inbuilt process, as this would provide no benefit whatsoever to the individual animal or the species as a whole. Aging may involve damage to a variety of cellular components; however damage to various DNA and RNA molecules is likely to be a major contributing factor. Despite the cells inbuilt mechanisms designed to repair damage, damaged DNA which has not been restored perfectly can lead to mutations with detrimental consequences. Balaban et al. (2005) outlines the potential role for damaged mitochondria DNA in the process of aging, however nuclear DNA is a more likely culprit. Mitochrondial DNA has thousands of copies present within the cell which can be replaced if damaged, whereas there are only two copies of nuclear DNA. Several studies have shown that as age increases, so does the risk of mutation (Martin et al., 1996) and there is substantial evidence to suggest a causal link between damage to nuclear DNA and physiological aging. Sedelnikova et al. (2008) showed that the level of double strand breaks (DSBs) that take place increase with age and older cells are less able to repair these DS Bs. Finally, there is the observation that symptoms of progeria are caused by defined mutations in DNA maintenance proteins, which leads to impaired DNA repair mechanisms (Musich Zou, 2009). HGPS belongs to a group of disorders known as segmental progeroid syndromes, characterised by early manifestation of features usually associated with normal physiological aging. They are consequently referred to as accelerated aging disorders. HGPS Background HGPS was first described over 120 years ago by Hutchinson (1886) and again later by Gilford (1904). Since its original classification in 1886, just over 100 cases of the disease have been documented. It affects around 1 in 4-8 million newborns all over the world with no preference for gender. Figure 1 Locations of children around the world who have been diagnosed with HGPG. There are currently 50 living children diagnosed with HGPS, most of whom reside in affluent Western countries. It is estimated that a further 150 children worldwide suffer from progeria but have not yet been identified due to insufficient means to diagnose in less prosperous countries as well as the rarity and complexity of the disease and the fact that the HGPS gene has only recently been identified. (Adapted from the Progeria Research Foundation, 2006) Children with progeria are often born appearing healthy, however shortly after birth it becomes apparent that weight and height gain are below that of which is expected of healthy children (Merideth et al., 2008). By 18-24 months of age they begin to display signs of premature aging, which can be seen in figure 2 below. Figure 2: A 3 and a half year old boy with HGPS showing typical progeroid symptoms. These include stunted growth, loss of hair and body fat, aged skin and unusually prominent eyes. Non-visible symptoms include stiff joints, atherosclerosis., osteoporosis and fatigue. Impaired growth does not seem to be due to any hormone inbalance/resistance or malnutrition. Cardiovascular problems are generally thought to be caused by loss of smooth muscle cells, disruption of the extracellular matrix and other irregularities in vascular structure. Life span ranges from 8 21 years with the average being around 13 years old. Death is almost invariably caused by atherosclerosis (Progeria Research Foundation, 2006). HGPS has recently been acknowledged as part of a family of diseases known as laminopathies, as it is caused by a dominant mutation on the LMNA gene. Before the identification of the gene responsible for progeria, diagnosis was carried out solely on the symptoms that have been mentioned. Thanks to the recent discovery of the mutated gene (Eriksson et al., 2003), diagnosis can be carried out based on the appearance of this mutation. HGSP is caused by a de novo mutation on the LMNA gene, although other progeroid syndromes may be hereditary. The lamins The LMNA gene codes for the nuclear A-type lamin proteins: lamin A, lamin C, lamin Aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  10 and lamin Cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  2 (Fisher et al., 1986). These, along with the B-type lamins are responsible for keeping the structure of the nucleus together by forming a scaffold which lines and interacts with the nuclear membrane. The structure of the nuclear lamina within the nuclear envelope is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Structure and function of the nuclear lamina The lamina exists on the inner nuclear membrane (INM), providing structural support and helping with chromatin organisation as well as binding nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear proteins (purple) and transcription factors (pink). Barrier to auto integration factor (BAF) is a chromatin-associated protein which binds to the lamina and various nuclear envelope proteins (Coutinho et al. 2009) Fawcett (1966) deduced that the lamins are components of the nuclear lamina, a layer found between the chromatin and the nuclear envelope initially thought to provide structural support for the nuclear membrane and a location for the chromatin to attach. Recently, further roles of nuclear lamins have been proposed, including DNA synthesis, transcription, apoptosis and assembly of the nuclear envelope. It has been determined that several isoforms of lamins are encoded by three different genes: The LMNA gene encodes lamin A, lamin C, lamin Aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  10 and lamin Cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  2 and the LMNB1 gene encodes lamin B1 and LMNB2 encodes B2 and B3 lamins (Stuurman et al., 1998). Whilst every vertebrate cell expresses at least one type of B lamin, lamins encoded by the LMNA gene are only expressed in differentiated tissue. This observations suggest that lamin encoded by LMNA may have specific roles within certain cells. It is possible that the role of these lamins is in fact to induce or maintain differentiation within these cells, although no conclusive evidence has been presented to support this. It is likely, however, that A type lamins have roles related to and dependant on correct chromatin organisation and nuclear structure. This includes reformation of the nuclear envelope post-mitosis, transcription, DNA replication and nuclear positioning (Holaska et al., 2003; Spann., 20 02; Moir et al., 2000; Haque et al., 2006). Although studies have shown that LMNA deficient mice develop normally, shortly after birth growth problems occur (Sullivan et al., 1999). Shortly before cell division in the late prophase stage of the cell cycle, the phosphorylation of lamin subunits takes place, causing the nuclear envelope to break down. A-type lamins are the first to be disassembled, occurring during early prophase, whilst B-type lamins are disassembled during prometaphase (Georgatos et al., 1997). This course of action is thought to be a necessary requirement for the reassembly of the nuclear envelope after cell division have taken place (Burke and Gerace, 1986). However, studies such as those by Newport et al. (1990) have provided evidence against these theories, stating that when these disassembled lamin subunits are imported, they are done so into a formed nuclear envelope with fully functional pores. Perhaps is it possible that a finite number of lamin monomers are used in the reassembly of the nuclear envelope and the rest are transported in at a later stage. The role of lamins in DNA replication is unclear, however several studies have suggested that Xenopus interphase extracts were depleted of Lamin B3 which resulted in a lack of DNA replication (Newport et al., 1990), however it remained unclear whether this was entirely due to the absence of lamins or if other factors, such as a smaller and more fragile nuclear envelope, contributed. A later study by Moir et al. (2000) provided evidence to suggest that normal nuclear lamin organisation is required for DNA synthesis and that this dependency is completely unrelated to the insufficient formation of the nuclear envelope. It appears that when nuclear lamin organisation is incorrect, the elongation phase of replication fails to take place, probably due to an alteration in distribution of elongation factors, Replication Factor Complex and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen. The potential role of nuclear lamins in transcription has been put forward by Spann et al. (2002), who disrupted the normal nuclear organisation of nuclear lamins using a dominant negative mutant lamin lacking the NH2- domain. This resulted in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity in both mammalian and embryonic Xenopus cells. Notably, RNA polymerases I and III were not affected. The role of lamins in apoptosis is directly related to the state of the nuclear envelope. Apoptosis is a very precise physiological mechanism for effective destruction of unwanted cells without causing inflammation or distress to other cells, as would occur in necrosis. Lamin degradation is one of the processes that occur during apoptosis, however several studies have suggested nuclear lamins play a role in the induction of apoptosis (Rao et al, 1996; Di Matola et al., 2001). Post mitosis, protein phosphatise 1 (PP1) is dispatched to the nuclear envelope to initiate lamin B reformation. If this process is abolished, lamin B is degraded and apoptotic signals take place. As previously mentioned, expression of lamins A/C is limited to differentiated cells. Due to their role in DNA replication and transcription, several researchers have hypothesised that they play a role in gene expression as well. Gupta and Saumyaa (2008) propose that specialised A/C lamin expression regulates gene expr ession in such a way which may prevent cell division and cause the cell to undergo terminal differentiation a form of programmed cell death. Lamins are also used for chromatin organisation and positioning within the nucleus, so cells with LMNA mutations exhibit a range of problems involving abnormal chromosome organisation. Glass et al (1993) showed that A lamins interact with chromatin by binding histones as well as indirectly through lamin-binding proteins such as LAP2ÃŽÂ ± and barrier-ro-autointegration (BAF) (Holaska et al., 2003). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of HGPS The most commonly reported mutation responsible for causing HGPS is LMNA  codon 608 in exon 11 (c. 1824 C>T). Although the LMNA gene encodes both A and C type lamins, only A lamins are affected as exon 11 is not present in lamin Cs. Whilst this point substitution does not result in an amino acid change (G608G ) it partially activates a cryptic splice site, resulting in the deletion of ~50 amino acids near the carboxyl terminal in lamin A (LAà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  50) but maintaining the CAAX site. Amongst the deleted amino acids is the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site, which is necessary for the maturation of lamin A. This results in farnesylation and carboxymethylation of lamin A, resulting in progerin (Capell et al., 2005). This cryptic splice site is only partially activated and it is estimated that only 10-50% of splices mRNA in transcribed. Since the second LMNA allele is normal, there is still some presence of wild-type lamin A although it is present in much lower levels. Whilst most HGPA pat ients are heterozygous for LMNA p.G608G, mutations have been reported on other location on the LMNA gene, such as one patient with a p. E145K mutation and another with 471C and R527C mutations (Goldman et al., 2002). These mutations have lead to various laminopathies very similar to HGPS (often referred to as atypical HGPS) however the pathophysiological manifestation of these diseases is probably different as they do not result in the production of progerin. HGPS cells are significantly larger than normal cells and usually have large cytoplasmic vacuoles, an abnormally shaped and sized nucleus, often distorted with chromatin extrusion (De Sandreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Giovannoli et al., 2003). Goldman et al. (2004) also report evidence of misshapen nuclear envelopes and abnormally thick lamina, both of which are associated with other mutations on the LMNA gene. Not surprisingly, these structural abnormalities cause a variety of cellular dysfunctions including loss of structural nuclear integrity and certain mitotic problems such as irregular chromosome separation, delays in cytokinesis and nuclear assembly and binucleation (Dechat et al., 2007). The loss of nuclear integrity can have a detrimental effect of the function of the cell, however it does not remove all structural ability of the nucleus and cell, it only reduces it. This means that the tissues most likely to be affected by a comprised nucleus are those which are consistently subjected t o mechanical stress, such as blood vessels. Indeed, vasculature in HGPS patients is often severely compromised and death is almost always caused by heart failure. HGPS cells have abnormal chromosome organization in interphase nuclei and can show a loss of peripheral heterochromatin, possibly due to various epigenetic changes. These include upregulation of genes such as H3K9me3 and H4K20me3, both of which are involved in the definition of constitutive heterochromatin (Columbaro, 2005). The H3K27me3, responsible for the definition of facultative heterochromatin, is downregulated, possible due to a reduction in the expression of the histone methyltransferase enhancer EZH2 used for H3K27 trimethylation (Schumaker et al., 2006). Evidence has suggested that these changes in heterochromatin due to altered gene expression may often result in further changes in gene expression. An interesting line of investigation to follow would be to monitor the expression of various other genes in HGPS cells. It is important to understand if HGPS enhances or inhibits the expression of various other genes and, if so, what these genes are and whether these genes play a part in the HGPS phenotype. Since lamin A only appears in differentiated cells, it is possible that one of the roles of lamin A is to maintain differentiation of the cells by securing tissue-specific gene expression. This could mean that the premature aging phenotype is not actually related to normal physiological ageing, but occurs due to certain tissues being unable to perform their designated function due to incorrect gene expression, leading to cell death, tissue degeneration and organ failure. Several studies have indicated that HGPS cells show increased damage to DNA. This was demonstrated by Bridger and Kill (2004) whose experiments showed that HGPS cells were unable to proliferate sufficiently when kept in culture and showed increased rates of apoptosis as well as demonstrating early signs of cellular aging. All of these afflictions are caused by damage to nuclear DNA. Liu et al (2006) also demonstrated that HGPS cells have increased activity in their DNA repair pathways, strongly implying that DNA damage has occurred. The most compelling evidence to suggest DNA damage as a likely culprit for progeroid symptoms is presented in a study by Liu et al. (2005), which showed that HGPS cells have a double strand break (DSB) repair defect. These cells show less concentrated levels of DSB repair factors such as Rad50 and Rad51 as well as damage signaling molecules such as 53BP1. With this evidence, the conclusion can be drawn that Lamin A in necessary for complete DNA repair to take place when necessary, and also that DSB repair is diminished in HGPS cells. DSBs are the most dangerous type of DNA damage that can potentially occur as a result of the constant attack from various agents, as they can potentially result in loss or confusion of genetic information or cell death. To some extent, DSBs occur naturally within the body during normal processes such as meiosis (Keeney Neale, 2006), or during replication when the separated stands encounter blocking lesions. The level of DSBs that occur during these processes can be increased by UV radiation, ionizing radiation, various chemical agents and the presence of free radicals. When a DSB occurs, the cells defense mechanisms commands that the cell cycle halts and DSB repair mechanisms activate. DNA DSB repair mechanisms are thought to occur as one of two processes: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Although HR is thought to be considerably more accurate than NHEJ, neither mech anism will produce perfect results. Evidence has been presented to imply that as we age we become increasingly dependent on HR to repair DSBs as activity of NHEJ and all other mechanisms gradually decrease (Johnson-Schlitz Engels, 2006). Many of the changes to the nuclear membrane are not a direct result of insufficient lamin A, but instead are caused by the presence of Progerin, an abridged version of lamin A, and its accumulation of the INM. This accumulation results in alterations in the structure of the nuclear lamina. Liu et al. (2005) suggests that the inefficient DNA repair mechanisms which occur in HGPS cells are in fact due to raised levels of Progerin at the INM. Fitting with this theory, experiments designed to reduce the levels of Progerin have successfully managed improve the cellular phenotype of HGPS cells. Scaffidi and Mistelli (2005) proposed inhibiting the production of Progerin whilst leaving lamin A unaffected by using specific antisense morpholinos which inhibit splicing at the deviant site. Another approach is to treat HGPS cells with farnesly transferase inhibitors (FTIs) which, as the name suggests, inhibit farnesyl transferase, so preventing the modification of Progerin to the farnseylated ki nd seen in HGPS cells. Liu et al., (2006) have shown that this approach does not only improve the cellular and nuclear abnormalities of HGPS cells, but can actually improve the health of HGPS mice. However, FTIs are not specific to Progerin as antisense morpolinos are, and lamin A is likely to be inhibited as well as the modification of Progerin. It is also possible that several other unrelated proteins would be affected by this approach; however these negative side-effects have not yet been documented. Several potential cellular and molecular mechanisms which may contribute to the HGPS phenotype are described below in figure 4. Figure 4 Various cellular and molecular mechanisms which may contribute to the HGPS phenotype. Progerin becomes trapped within the nuclear membrane as a result of permanent farnesylation. Alteration of the normal lamina structure causes vulnerability to mechanical stress and some nuclear blebbing. Other consequences involve disruption of protein interactions, disorganization/loss of heterochromatin and disrupted interactions with RNA polymerase II, RNA splicing factors and transcription factors, causing misregulation of gene expression. (Coutinho et al. 2009) The way these cellular abnormalities cause the general HGPS phenotype are not yet understood and currently can only be speculated on. As further research is carried out regarding HGPS, the cause of premature aging throughout the whole body may become more transparent. Treatment Due to the rarity and complexity of HGPS, there is currently no known cure; however, there are a variety of treatments aimed at alleviating the symptoms which are associated with this disease (Progeria Research Foundation, 2006). It is recommended that patients suffering from HGPS have a regular and nutritional diet as well as supplementary vitamin tablets (in normal doses). Dental problems which occur as a result of HGPS are treated with fluoride supplements, and aspirin should be administered on occasion in order to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes, which are invariably the main causes of death in HGPS children. In the case of heart-related problems such as angina, drugs like nitroglycerin may be used, although the dose should be measured carefully based on weight and height as use of anesthetics on children can be potentially dangerous. There is little that can be done to reduce the effect of reduced bone mass except for vitamin and calcium supplements, so children sho uld be accompanied at all times as they are at significantly greater risk of fracturing bones. The hip bones are particularly susceptible to dislocation due to coxa valga. Certain surgical procedures can take place to reduce the risk of this, as well as physical therapy in order to keep all joints as mobile as possible. The use of growth hormones has been suggested as a potential treatment for HGPS children; however the long term effects of this have not been shown to be significant. Currently there are several areas of research into possible clinical therapeutic treatments for progeria. Wang et al. (2008) and Liu et al (2006) demonstrated the use of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) which appear to reduce the nuclear abnormalities present in HGPS cells, reducing the severity of symptoms on HGPS mice, improving their general health. Subjects showed improved cardiovascular health, a reduction in the number of bone fractures and improved survival and growth rates. This has been substantiated with evidence from Toth et al (2005) who showed that human fibroblast cells expressing progerin had reversed nuclear alterations when treated with FTIs in vitro. Clinical trials testing the effect of FTIs in children with HGPS began in August 2009 and ended the following December. Results from these trials are still being awaited. Summary Most of the breakthrough discoveries regarding HGPS have been made within the last few years. These include the location of the HGPS mutation, the nature of the disease and potential clinical therapies which are aimed at preventing the HGPS phenotype on a cellular and molecular level instead of simply treating the symptoms. There are several ways that the effects of the point mutation on the LMNA gene on chromosome 1 could lead to the pathogenesis of HGPS and it is likely that the combined affects of this mutation results in the HGPS phenotype. Compromised nuclear integrity may lead to reduced structural support for the cell, so those tissues under constant mechanical pressure such as the vasculature will suffer more greatly than other tissues. Another possible cause of the HGPS phenotype is the accumulation of DNA damage. This is a logical conclusion to draw, as the mechanism of normal human aging is thought to occur in this way. HGPS cells have insufficient DNA DSB repair mechanisms and so the phenotype of premature ageing in children with progeria is simply due to the magnification of one of the factors that causes aging in healthy humans. The pool of stem cells that healthy humans rely upon to counter increased apoptosis as a result of DNA damage would be under more pressure to proliferate in HGPS children, perhaps exhausting supplies and causing tissue degeneration. It is also possible that the stem cells themselves are affected by the HGPS mutation, causing a decline in proliferative ability. The possibility that the HGPS mutation may lead to up or down regulation of other genes is not one that should be ignored. If this is the case, the vast variety of symptoms which accompany HGPS may be explained by the altered lev els of expression of other genes. Until more is understood about Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, it is impossible to conclusively explain the extraordinary symptoms of this disease. Perhaps the results of the recent clinical trials will shed more light on how the alteration of two proteins due to a single point mutation can cause a child to show such drastic physiological aging. Experimental data analysis Programmed cell death (PCD or apoptosis) is a necessary part of complex life in all sorts of multicellular organisms. In humans, it is not only essential during embryonic development (preventing all manner of deformities) but also consistently through life. Efficient apoptosis prevents a vast number of diseases by ensuring that any unnecessary or potentially harmful cells are destroyed safely, without harmful effects on neighbouring cells, which happens in necrosis. Apoptosis only causes a diseased state when its rate of action exceeds or falls short of that which is necessary to keep an individual healthy. Insufficient apoptosis is well known culprit for the development of cancers, when tumorous cells which should have been erased are allowed to proliferate and develop into tumours. Another well known example of diseases due to lack of apoptosis is the vast number of immunodeficiency diseases caused by self-targeting T and B lymphocytes. These cells should have been removed through apoptotic signals, but when these signals fail these self-targeting lymphocytes are allowed to survive and will target the bodys own tissues. Increased rates of apoptosis throughout the body are commonly observed in many diseases, for example, HGPS. Abnormalities either within or external to the cell cause apoptotic signals to occur, resulting in PCD of cells which would otherwise not have been destroyed. PLAC8 (placenta-specific 8) is a gene which encodes a small, highly conserved protein known as onzin. Experimental evidence has been presented to demonstrate that under expression of endogenous onzin results in reduced cell proliferation, whilst over expression results in an increased cell count (Rogulski et al, 2005). This data suggests that onzin has a negative effect on the rate of apoptosis. Li et al. (2006) suggest that expression of onzin within a cell protects it from apoptotic signals and that when onzin levels are depleted the cell becomes sensitive to apoptotic assault. To test the effects of onzin on the rate of apoptosis, CEM-C7 T-leukemic cells were transfected with either an expression construct containing PLAC8 or pcDNA3, where the pcDNA3 vector acted as the control. Cultures of these cells where then exposed to a range of apoptosis-inducing agents: Fas, Dexamethasone (dex), cisplatin, butyric acid, okadaic acid and UV exposure. This was in order to determine whether expression of the PLAC8 gene effectively reduces the rate of induced apoptosis. Cell counts were taken after 24, 48 and 72 hours. The significance of the difference between cell counts in PLAC8 and pcDNA3 cultures when exposed to all apoptosis inducing agents was determined using a two-sample T-test. The samples used in each test were the apoptosis-inducing agent transfected with PLAC8 and the same apoptosis-inducing agent transfected with pcDNA3. The results from these two-sample T-tests are shown below in table I. Table I. Apoptosis inducer p-value (24 hours) p-value (48 hours) p-value (72 hours) Dex 0.023 0.069 Cisplatin 0.026 0.045 0.042 Butyric acid 0.003 Okadaic acid 0.03

Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

In Charles Dickens’ novel, Great Expectations, the main character named Pip suffers through a conflict of confusing good and bad people. He repeatedly disregards the people that love and care for him and instead chooses to care for people who do not care for him. When making these choices, Pip senses that he is making the wrong decisions and therefore confuses good and bad and also confuses himself. After Pip first meets Estella, he begins to dislike everything he has ever known. He is uncomfortable feeling common in front of Estella and takes out his frustration on Joe, the one who brought him up to be common. â€Å"I determined to ask Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture-cards, Jacks, which ought to be called knaves. I wished Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too† (65). Here, Pip begins to look down on Joe even though Joe has only done the best that he could. Still, Joe continues to be kind to Pip even when Pip makes mistakes. He is not the only one that Pip hurts though. Biddy is another person Pip disrespects. At first Pip is too blinded by his love for Estella to notice that Biddy truly cares for him, and by the time he realizes it, it is too late. Pip confides all his secrets in Biddy and even tells her how unhappy he is with his common lifestyle. â€Å"’Biddy,’ said I, after binding her to se crecy, ‘I want to be a gentleman’† (127). Biddy tries to rationalize Pip’s thoughts so that he will see what is truly important, but he just cannot see past his desire for Estella. In this way, Pip is already ignoring Biddy and her great advice. When Pip receives his fortune from his secret benefactor, his disregard for the two people that love him the most becomes much worse. Before hi... ... of why his common life and being with Biddy is much better than the alternative, Estella. However, after all those reasons come to him, the remembrances of Satis House and Estella rush back to him and he is thrown into a conflict between the two. The worst part of Pip’s conflict comes from the fact that even Estella warns him of her cruelty. She tells him how she has no heart to love and will never care for him (229). Still, it is not until the end of the novel that Pip realizes all of his mistakes and his conflict is somewhat resolved. All in all, Pip messed up throughout the novel. He chose to ignore those that loved him and were good to him, viewing them as bad memories of his past, and instead sought after a heartless girl who could never love him. These inner and outer conflicts that Pip experiences from his decisions shape Charles Dickens’ classic novel.

Petruchio the Sophist and Language as Creation in The Taming of the Shrew Essay

In the article, Tita French Baumlin shows how Petruchio uses language and not brutality to â€Å"tame† Katarina. Petruchio also changes the way that people view Katarina. This brings up the question if Katarina is really tamed or if it is all just a front. I believe that Katarina learned how to disguise her feeling and simply changed the way she speaks by mimicking her husband. Petruchio speaks eloquently and very elaborately. When he is introduced he is already playing on word while asking Grumio to knock on a gate for him. Petruchio is a match for Katarina because of how good he is with words. He can go toe to toe with her, unlike many of the people who have to deal with Katarina, because of this â€Å"rhetorical skill, that most defines his character†. Petruchio is also someone who can reason or convince someone of something simply through his language. For example, he easily makes Baptista believe that Katarina loves and wants to marry him quickly. He proves that the best way to battle and beat Katarina’s sharp tongue was to verbally fight back with wit. Baumlin points out that Petruchio never hits Katarina to tame her though many other similar stories have the husbands beating their wives into submission. While Pertruchio hits Grumio and his other servants in front of Katarina, he never puts his hand on her. Even when he forces her not to eat or sleep â€Å"Petruchio himself does not eat or drink when his wife is so deprived†. Petruchio does not inflict pain on Katarina that he does not bear himself. He uses only his language to change her shrewish behavior instead of actual abuse. Katarina had been given a chance to not only change as a person for her own good, but to also change the way other view her. Her family believes that no one will want to marry her. Everyone in town believes she is sharp tongued and a shrew. Katarina has an anger problem perhaps because of the way her sister is treated as opposed to how she is by their father and other men in town. This anger has given her a very bad reputation. Petruchio comes and gives her the opportunity to change that. He starts by simply calling her Kate and in that new name comes the possibilities of becoming a new person. Baumlin infers that Petruchio â€Å"seeks to shatter the ‘Katherine’ persona†. Perhaps Katarina was also sick of people thinking she was this unlovable shrew woman who would never make a man happy. It is hard to change the way a person behaves, which is why Katarina resists Petruchio at first but by the end of the play Katarina definitely as undergone some sort of change. She is no longer mean spirited and seems to obey her husband as well. Did Petruchio really tame Katarina? I believe that Petruchio taught Katarina how to use her words in a better way to get what she wants. She didn’t want to have to deal with Petruchio’s annoying â€Å"taming† techniques anymore, so she changed the way she spoke to him to appease him. If Katarina had really been tamed, I do not think that she would have given the long speech at the end of the play. It would have been Petruchio to give the speech because he was the one who proved that he could tame Katarina. Instead, Katarina gives not only a long speech but one she knows would please her husband. She has learned to speech his elaborate fashion and she also mimics his absurd ways of speaking as she claims that the wife’s hand must be underneath her husband’s foot. This is also the first time that Katarina speaks for such a long time without Petruchio chiming in, which shows that she has learned how to keep him quiet instead of it being the other way around. I think that Kate has figured out how to humor her husband and avoid conflict rather than allowing herself to be tamed. She uses her words to convince Petruchio and others of her â€Å"taming† but in the end she gets the husband that she wants. She also makes herself look like the wife than her much sought after sister, Bianca. By the end of the play, Katarina has become a winner. Baumlin makes many good points on how Petruchio’s language is a major part of the play. It shows that Shakespeare creates witty characters for more than just a laugh, but also to hint at what is going to happen in the play. Katarina’s overall tone in the play changes as she learns how to create situation in her favor using language as well. Katarina is still a shrew, just in disguise.

A Brief History of Slot Machines

A Brief History of Slot Machines According to Legal Slots, the term slot machines was originally used for all automatic vending machines as well as for the gambling devices, it was not until the 20th century that the term became restricted to the latter. A fruit machine is one British term for a slot machine. The one-armed bandit is another popular nickname. Charles Fey Liberty Bell The first mechanical slot machine was the Liberty Bell, invented in 1895 by car mechanic, Charles Fey (1862–1944) of San Francisco. The Liberty Bell slot machine had three spinning reels. Diamond, spade, and heart symbols were painted around each reel, plus the image of a cracked Liberty Bell. A spin resulting in three Liberty Bells in a row gave the biggest payoff, a grand total of fifty cents or ten nickels. The original Liberty Bell slot machine can still be seen be at the Liberty Belle Saloon Restaurant in Reno, Nevada. Other Charles Fey machines include the Draw Power, and Three Spindle and the Klondike. In 1901, Charles Fey invented the first draw poker machine. Charles Fey was also the inventor of the trade check separator, which was used in the Liberty Bell. The hole in the middle of the trade check allowed a detecting pin to distinguish fake nickels or slugs from real nickels. Fey rented his machines to saloons and bars based on a 50/50 split of the profits.​ Demand for Slot Machines Grows The demand for Liberty Bell slot machines was huge. Fey could not build them fast enough in his small shop. Gambling supply manufacturers tried to buy the manufacturing and distribution rights to the Liberty Bell, however, Charles Fey refused to sell. As a result in 1907, Herbert Mills, a Chicago manufacturer of arcade machines, began production of a slot machine, a knock-off of Feys Liberty Bell, called the Operator Bell. Mills was the first person to place fruit symbols: i.e. lemons, plums, and cherries on machines. How The Original Slots Worked Inside each cast iron slot machine there were three metal hoops called reels. Each reel had ten symbols painted on it. A lever was pulled that spun the reels. When the reels stopped, a jackpot was awarded if three of a kind of symbol lined up. The payoff in coinage was then dispensed from the machine. Age of Electronics The first popular electric gambling machine was the 1934 animated horse race machine called PACES RACES. In 1964, the first all-electronic gambling machine was built by Nevada Electronic called the 21 machine. Other all electronic versions of gambling games followed including ones for dice, roulette, horse racing, and poker (Dale Electronics Poker-Matic was very popular). In 1975, the first electronic slot machine was built by the Fortune Coin Company.

Decisions can change everything

Decisions can change everything Free Online Research Papers Life is about making decisions, some can lead to positive outcomes or negative consequences. A decision is a choice one makes to reach a final conclusion, one that can change outcomes like the path of life. On a daily basis one makes different kind of decisions, careless ones or more important ones; some can even be able to define life and its future. These decisions are always up to you but can be easily influenced by many factors. The level of pressure towards one choice has to do with the age as well, the younger the person, the less amount of â€Å"life† knowledge that the person has. Adults can defend themselves better than younger people, that is why teenagers can be easily influenced by society’s ethics and family’s beliefs versus what they think for themselves. Teenagers have a harder time at making decision since they are highly influenced by different factors. Society’s ethics are the beliefs that state the difference between right and wrong. They are the differences between what society approves and disapproves; this can be tested in several ways. As stated in the Allphilosophy website,† Right or wrong is relative. It is defined by the principles we share in common. The principles we share in common are the principles we subscribe to and are the principles that bind us.† These principals are taught to us in the different stages of life, but apart from that can be corrupted in a way by the diverse pressure surrounding us. One’s decision is life is influenced by ethics, for example, ethics declare that drugs are illegal. An EL PAIS article talks about a family with a teenage daughter, she is put into a â€Å"society’s ethics† situation. Her parents have been growing marijuana in the basement of her house and she is awake of it; she is between the right and wrong concept. In her situation she knows and has learned that her parent’s actions are illegal and for this reason she decides to turn them in. Her parents had important job positions in the United States, but their insensible decision combined with the daughter’s right move was the reason why they were sued. In this example, the daughter was clearly influenced by society’s rules and perfectly knew the differentiation between what is right and what is wrong in society. A conclusion by an adolescent can depend on various aspects; society can be one and normally leads the person to do the right thing. Family is the group of people that will always be there for you, even if the situation is harsh no one can eliminate that love that goes around, they will help you out and be by your side if everyone else leaves you aside. Among the different stages of life, the family teaches you vales and basically the way of living life. When one reaches the teenage part of life, family and parents have had a huge amount of influence and normally your actions and decisions you make are reflected on the way they have done it. Since they are the examples you follow and even make choices for you, the most common would be having the teenager turn out like them. In some cases, the family values contradict those of society; an example of this is clear in the story â€Å"The Barn Burning†, where the father is corrupted but it doesn’t influence the rest of the family’s decision. The fact that the father goes from town to town burning barns teaches the son a lesson. He does realize th at it is against the law and ethics but decides to stick to his father, not because he is right but because he is all he has. This is demonstrated when the son says: â€Å"I could run away on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again. Only I can’t.† the son could just run away but as he, himself thinks about later on, they are blood and blood should stick together at all time. In this case he son knows that he doesn’t want to turn out like his father but also values family, which complicates his decisions in life. As shown above, society and family are normally the two most influential factors, but the most dangerous one is the evolving mind of a teenager. Once a kid enters the teenager stage of life they become self center and think that they have some sort of â€Å"personal magic†. An adolescent normally only thinks about themselves and wants to experiment new things, this highly influences a decision in life; they tend to loose trust towards others and feel that nobody has felt their pain or love. Those symptoms and emotions can persuade some teens to react in a negative way. Another factor that can have a large amount of pressure on decision making is the â€Å"personal magic† that teens tend to think they own. By this, it would mean that in their point of view, no harm in any way can occur to them. A perfect example for it would be that many teenage girls have the possibility of being pregnant but not the one that thinks so, since she has that personal magic in her. The teen ager brain is not fully evolved at that age, and that is why the thoughts and false believes can also affect a decision made by an adolescent. In conclusion, there are many factors that affect the decision making of a teenager, the three main ones discussed are society’s ethics, family’s beliefs and the developing brain of a teenager as well. Decisions can be very important, specially since some are even life changing and that is why they have to be made carefully and in the right atmosphere, with no negative influence surrounding. Work sited Del Pino, Javier. Hay un Monton de droga encase. EL PAIS. 1998. Faulkner, William. Barn Burning. 1939. University of New Hampshire. Family Developing Fact Sheet. http://allphilosophy.com/topic/2048 Research Papers on Decisions can change everythingCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Corporate governance - Essay Example Moreover, evidence of working together as a team and the essence of synergy would always ensure sustainable competitive market. This is what is targeted as one of the most principle aspects by investors and its slightest brink make an organization susceptible to tragic downfall incase of scam or misappropriation (Geel 2011). Hawkama, an institute of corporate, being put in place by independent international institutions that teamed up together, was meant to reform good governance by helping the countries that participated in the treaty to have good financial and economic integration amongst them and other countries across the globe. The main mission of the Hawkama treaty was to help the countries involved develop good strategies necessary to improve universally, well integrated corporate governance. Besides, it was meant to enhance efficiency in relation to coordination, designing, planning and actual rolling of proficient corporate governance reforms. Moreover, the institution is eq uipped with the right assessment tools to help in determining the outcome of corporate governance policies at all private sectors. Hawkama article, however, recommended the following as the right governance steps (Bornstein 2005). Demonstrating commitment to good corporate governance For an organization to reap the benefits of good corporate governance, it must demonstrate its willingness of putting the practice to the later. All the stakeholders, which are considered as part and parcel to an organization must show commitment and join hands in working together towards building a single business case of corporate governance. For this to be effectively enacted, managers of the organizations and other leaders should be encouraged to attend talks about institutional good governance. Hypothetically, the article has given an illustration on how the commitment of leaders in an organization can actually motivate the members to produce substantially operational and markets and the higher pro fit results and this would attract more investors into such organizations (International Finance Corporation, Hawkamah 2008). Planning and setting priorities Organizations that expect to bear advantage of good governance, must seek to avail adequate measures that would ensure more attention is given to the important and urgent duties. This success is profusely possible only when an organization is able to make comparative difference between its performance and its competitor as a way of identifying the relevant governing principles. In this case, their right choice of practices is to avert any slightest action considered vise to the relationship of the organization either internally or externally with other stakeholders (International Finance Corporation, Hawkamah 2008). Implementing good board practices Board is considered as the key aspect where issues relating to corporate governance are strategized. In this case, the board plays the role of strategic guidance and oversight manag ement during implementation of corporate governance. Besides, it carries out a mandate of a trustee to the shareholders. Most basically, how the board would fulfill its responsibilities is used as a determinant by investors to assess the potentiality of an organization. If the board is given an authority to run as an independent, professional and most predominantly a vigilant body, then it would ultimately succeed to the achievements of

Offer of Fixed Interest Investment Funds to the Public Prospectus Assignment

Offer of Fixed Interest Investment Funds to the Public Prospectus - Assignment Example The main purpose of laws is to ensure that businesses meet the needs and wishes of shareholders and the interests of stakeholders in accordance with modern business practices.6 This prospectus promotes the company as a whole and informs shareholders, future shareholders and stakeholders of any risks that are involved in the fixed interest investment funds.7 The issuer is an investment planning company with limited liability, registered under the laws of England and Wales. ... nce of the Funds 23 Tax Implications 23 Charges and Expenses 23 Bibliography 27 Definition of Terms Articles of Association: The contractual document authorising the issuer to offer the fixed interest investment funds. Back-end Fee: A fee payable upon redeeming an investment or share. Common Law: judicial decisions binding the issuer in the administration and management of the fixed interest investment funds. Depository: The Bank or financial institution holding legal title to the fixed interest investment funds. Doctrine of Corporate Opportunity: A major risk factor and concern of investors relative to the risks associated with managers and directors mismanaging any investment funds and the applicable common law and statutory laws safeguarding against this kind of investment risk. Fiduciary Duty: A common law and statutory law prescribing the duty of care and level of competence applicable to and enforceable against managers who have monetary responsibilities in situations where the y have control over funds that are not their own. Fixed Interest Investment Funds: funds invested with a fixed and predetermined interest rate. Investor: The person or body corporate purchasing the fixed interest investment fund. Issuer: The institution offering the fixed interest investment funds to the public. Load Fee: A fee payable upon entering an investment fund and deducted from the initial investment. Maturity Term: The bond’s life or the date at which the terms relative to the investment fund have been satisfied have been fixed. Open-ended Investment Company: an investment company characterised by collective investment schemes under the structure and framework of a company comprised of diverse capital. Statutory Law: Legislation prescribing the policies, practices, rights, duties